Yarn Monsters, a Warm Fuzzy Introduction to Orbital Theory

Orbital Theory, Why it Matters:
Orbital theory helps us understand the interactions of matter that are just to small for us to see. These interaction are very important on a large scale and help explain large visible things like, water finding it's way to the top of the tallest trees, electricity powering your home, or metabolic processes in your body.

What you will need:
Yarn ribbon or strips of fiber.
Measurement device, as long as the units are convertible a finger or stick may be used.
Atomic radius chart.
Protractor.

I recommend an easy to use units 1-2 inches or 3-8cm units are easy to handle...Picometers are just to small to handle, 25 picometers can be represented by a larger unit you can hold in your hand.


Measure loops of yarn with a loop for each pair of electrons:
I recommend starting off with a few common elements, and a few colors of yarn.
H yarn monster gives an electron, The O yarn monster takes it.
Water
Day 1 Hydrogen and Oxygen
Hydrogen, A single string. 25 picometers or 1 unit (make around 10 per person)
Oxygen, 4 loops (1 loop uncut, 1 unit long). Forms up to 6 bonds...has 4 loop 60 picometers or 2 and 2/5 units(make around 5 per person) You may want to use a tie off string of a different color to hold together and stabilize this.

Step 1: Tie 2 Hydrogens together to represent h2 or hydrogen gas.
Step 2: Tie 2 Oxygens together to represent O2 or oxygen gas.
Step 3: Take the uncut loop at the top. of an oxygen Atom. Now chose the 2 electron strings the bottom that are as far apart as possible will being opposite to the paired electron.
Step 4: Repeat step 3, 2 more times with the remaining oxygens.
Step 5: Note angles with protractor: approximately 104.5 degrees between the 2 h strings.
Step 6: Note the 360-104.5=255.5/2 =127.25
Step 7: Talk about how water molecules are polar.

"Water is a polar molecule made of hydrogen and oxygen. The oxygen bonds to the hydrogens creating 3 pairs of valance electrons. The pairs are equally spaced, but the hydrogen side has just a little more pull and this gives, that tiny charge that creates the capillary action that helps trees grow large. The charge holds the liquid together more closely than the solid causing ice to float. Surface tension is another amazing thing. You can see waves form a central point on the surface of water, water has more resistance because of the way polarity holds it together."

Step 8: Show water as a liquid by placing polar bonds close together.
Step 9: Show water as a solid by placing the water molecules in a lined up fashion
Step 10: Now you may begin throwing the yarn monsters to simulate gas, or start out with a short lecture on polite throwing, and not waving things in peoples faces.


links to atomic radius charts:
http://crystalmaker.com/support/tutorials/crystalmaker/atomic-radii/resources/VFI_Atomic_Radii.jpg
http://www.chemix-chemistry-software.com/school/periodic_table/atomic-radius-elements.html
http://periodictable.com/Properties/A/AtomicRadius.v.html

Link to printable protractor:
http://i370.photobucket.com/albums/oo146/nzfiend/Junk/protractor.png

Link to water blog:
http://scienceisaprocessnotadeity.blogspot.com/2016/05/water.html

Water

Water is a polar molecule made of hydrogen and oxygen. The oxygen bonds to the hydrogens creating 3 pairs of valance electrons. The pairs are equally spaced, but the hydrogen side has just a little more pull and this gives, that tiny charge that creates the capillary action that helps trees grow large. The charge holds the liquid together more closely than the solid causing ice to float. Surface tension is another amazing thing. You can see waves form a central point on the surface of water, water has more resistance because of the way polarity holds it together.

Understanding small things can help us understand big things. A tree can pump gallons of water from top to bottom using a passive process that is so small we can't even see it.

Chemistry Tutorial
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry/tutorials/chemistry/page3.html

God as a Math Term

I have been looking at God as a math term since I noticed the complex relationship between Revelations and Calculus. I notice that Revelations masterfully solves the limit as time approaches infinity, in figurative language. By setting God as a constant with a capital letter we can confirm the validity of science, otherwise our answers are just a matter of random chance. When we look at fractals we see repeating patterns created with building blocks that repeat very tiny structures into larger ones. I designed a Lego creation called Stairway to Nowhere. This structure resembled DNA, in order for it to be stable it only fit together one way, if any of the blocks were off the whole thing fell apart. When we look at time as lasting forever, even a small chance, over time becomes a certainty. Yes these molecules would be created as would all possible combinations, but some combinations survive, others don't. When it comes to creating, time is infinite or doesn't even exist.

"But do not forget this one thing, dear friends: With the Lord a day is like a thousand years, and a thousand years are like a day."
http://biblehub.com/2_peter/3-8.htm


By stating God as a constant equal to one we can envision infinity as just very tiny structures repeating, forever into larger ones. Creation is an inevitable product of life, the real trick to it is teamwork, it is about how well you can use and reuse the products you have. A full ecosystem not just self centered seeking, but looking at a larger picture, and caring about the life forms you depend on for life. We can disrespect the whole by focusing just on ourselves but we need other organisms to recycle our waste, so we can continue to exist.

Science Challenge:
Convert waste into useful products.

Sound is Energy

Science Challenge:
Design a small device to harvest sound energy and put it back into the system to make things more efficient.

If this can not be done explain why.

"“There is definitely energy contained in that sound,” says David Cohen-Tanugi, vice president of the MIT Energy Club and a John S. Hennessy Fellow in MIT’s Materials Science and Engineering department . “But the density of the energy is very low, and there is no way to capture it all. You’d have to have obscenely loud, continuous noise for harvesting to be worthwhile.”"

Can noise be concentrated into a smaller space? Also could noise be reduced through a new low friction material.

Here is a good explanation also look at related questions.
http://engineering.mit.edu/ask/can-sound-be-converted-useful-energy

Poorly Done Harvard Study Leaves More Questions Than Anserwers About Fluoride.

First of all never ever ever ever confuse the parts with the whole, by looking at just one ion, ions come in pairs. You won't normally find an Anion without a Cation. When you say fluoride be specific about which type of "fluoride" you are referring to is it Sodium Fluoride, Calcium Fluoride, or Fluorosilicic acid, Silicon Tetrafluoride or what? These are not at all the same thing. Also are there any impurities in the substance or differences in diet?

Also the IQ test is an extreme logical fallacy, known as the presumption of superiority, it favors children who's parents have more time, more money and more education. It is only a series of question so which question did children in high fluoride areas get wrong and why? Also age may be a very significant factor how old is the person taking the test? Does the IQ change over time? Does the nervous system, show a repair and decay cycle? what triggers that cycle? How does this affect growth.

Looking at Sodium Fluoride I notice both ions only form one bond. If you want good structural integrity you need at least 2 bonds. Suggesting this anion, cation pair is good for building, is like suggesting that a group of one armed people could form a long chain, simply by holding hands. Also I am concerned about the damage Sodium Fluoride does to the nervous system especially in the absence of Sodium Chloride, because Fluoride is smaller and more electronegative it would react differently in the nervous system. (at sometime in the "History from the perspective of an American Idiot" plans to wright about what it's like to have Sodium Fluoride in your nervous system.
Also how long has this product been in the food and water supply? I have read is the a mostly a product of fertilizer production.

However don't forget the possible uses of this substance. Well it's small electronegative structure, makes a poor signal generator, because nerves would take longer to charge and can fire at significantly higher voltage, it also could make it an excellent battery because it can hold a higher charge in a smaller space than any other element in the Halogens Group.

I have read Calcium Fluoride is found naturally in well water. I suspect the Calcium Fluoride could lead to strong bones and teeth because it's structure can form at least 2 bonds.


Science Challenge: Explain how higher internal surface area can make a person more vulnerable to toxins and parasites, by creating a place for things to happen. How might a growth and repair cycle get out of hand? Could removing stresses be a better way to treat cancer why or why not?

Here is a link to the study
http://www.infowars.com/harvard-study-fluoride-lowers-childrens-intelligence-by-7-iq-points/

http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryterminology/a/What-Is-The-Difference-Between-A-Cation-And-An-Anion.htm

Here is a list of common cations like Sodium and Calcium and a list of common Anions like Fouride and Cloride.
http://myweb.astate.edu/mdraganj/cationanion.html

The Age of the Atom

Let me welcome you to the next age. Let me introduce you to a revolutionary new building material that is very small. Atoms have made up everything, but our understanding of them could help create a new age of machines, "The Age of the Atom."

Orbital theory is a powerful tool that can be used to create tiny machines. What was once water pollution can now be turned into batteries. Sodium Fluoride could be very useful for storing energy collected from plants passed through small carbon nano-tubes. To power smaller more complex machines.

Science Challenge:

Atomic Lego's
Design building blocks to simulate Atoms and explain atomic theory and orbital theory.

Suggested reading:

How batteries are made from Ions.
http://support.radioshack.com/support_tutorials/batteries/bt-cazi-main.htm

Shows, the general periodic table trend of electronegativity
http://www.webanswers.com/post-images/E/ED/2D1AADE5-459A-4661-9085E7BB4665F569.png

Nernst Equation
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Electrochemistry/Nernst_Equation

Science Says

Science is like a book, it is not saying anything, you have to read and understand it.